Ammonium carbamate (CAS 1111-78-0) is a white crystalline solid. Its chemical formula is NH4COONH2. It has a molar mass of approximately 78.07 g/mol. This compound is highly soluble in water and decomposes when heated, releasing ammonia and carbon dioxide gases. It is usually produced by the reaction of ammonia and carbon dioxide under certain conditions. Ammonium carbamate is a key intermediate in the production of urea, and it exists in an equilibrium with ammonia and carbon dioxide in the gas phase.
1. **Urea Production**: It is the most important application of ammonium carbamate. In the urea production process, ammonium carbamate is first formed from ammonia and carbon dioxide under high pressure and temperature. Then, through a dehydration reaction, it is converted into urea.
2. **Fertilizer Industry**: Although not directly used as a common fertilizer, the by - products generated during its formation and decomposition can contribute to the nitrogen supply in the soil.
3. **Chemical Intermediates**: It can be used as a starting material for the synthesis of other organic compounds, such as some amides and carbamates.
1. **Handling**: When handling ammonium carbamate, it is necessary to wear appropriate personal protective equipment, such as gloves and goggles. It should be stored in a cool, dry place, away from heat sources and incompatible substances.
2. **Reaction Conditions**: In industrial applications, the reaction of ammonium carbamate formation usually requires high - pressure (e.g., 13 - 25 MPa) and temperature conditions (e.g., 130 - 150 °C). During the reaction, the ratio of ammonia to carbon dioxide needs to be strictly controlled to ensure high - yield production.
3. **Safety Precautions**: Due to its decomposition characteristics, special attention should be paid to ventilation during use to prevent the accumulation of ammonia and carbon dioxide gases. In case of contact with skin or eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice.
**Case 1: Urea Production Plant in China**
A large - scale urea production plant in China uses ammonium carbamate as an intermediate. The plant has a production capacity of 1000 tons of urea per day. By strictly controlling the reaction conditions of ammonia and carbon dioxide to form ammonium carbamate, such as maintaining a pressure of 18 MPa and a temperature of 140 °C, they can achieve a high conversion rate of ammonium carbamate to urea. This has not only improved the production efficiency but also reduced the production cost.
**Case 2: Research Institute for Organic Synthesis**
A research institute was conducting research on the synthesis of a new type of amide compound. They used ammonium carbamate as a starting material. Through a series of reaction optimization experiments, they determined the best reaction conditions, such as the amount of catalyst and reaction time. Finally, they successfully synthesized the target amide compound with a high yield, which demonstrated the potential of ammonium carbamate in the field of organic synthesis.
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