Tolfenamic acid, with the CAS number 13710-19-5, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It belongs to the fenamate class of drugs. The chemical formula of tofenamic acid is C₁₄H₁₂ClNO₂, and its molecular weight is approximately 261.70 g/mol. It is usually presented as a white to off - white crystalline powder. The melting point of tofenamic acid ranges from 218 - 221°C. It has poor solubility in water but is soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol and acetone.
Tolfenamic acid is mainly used for its anti - inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties. In the medical field, it is commonly prescribed to relieve pain associated with various conditions, such as menstrual cramps, dental pain, and post - operative pain. It works by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which are responsible for the production of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are lipid compounds that play a key role in the inflammatory response and pain signaling. By reducing the production of prostaglandins, tofenamic acid can effectively alleviate pain and inflammation.
Beyond the medical use, tofenamic acid also has applications in scientific research. It can be used as a tool compound in studies related to inflammation, pain pathways, and the regulation of COX enzymes.
When using tofenamic acid for medical treatment, it is usually taken orally. The dosage depends on the specific condition being treated and the patient's age and weight. For adults, the typical dosage for pain relief may range from 200 - 400 mg per day, divided into several doses. It is important to take tofenamic acid with food or milk to reduce the risk of gastrointestinal irritation.
For research purposes, tofenamic acid can be dissolved in an appropriate organic solvent to prepare a stock solution. The concentration of the stock solution should be carefully determined based on the experimental requirements. When using it in cell culture experiments, the appropriate dilution should be made to ensure that the final concentration is within the effective range without causing cytotoxicity.
**Case 1: Menstrual Pain Relief**
A 28 - year - old female patient presented with severe menstrual cramps. She was prescribed tofenamic acid at a dose of 200 mg three times a day during her menstrual period. After taking tofenamic acid for the first day, she reported a significant reduction in pain intensity. Over the next few days, her pain continued to improve, and she was able to resume her normal daily activities without being severely affected by menstrual pain.
**Case 2: Dental Pain Management**
A 35 - year - old male patient had dental pain after a tooth extraction. He was given tofenamic acid at a dose of 400 mg per day, divided into two doses. Within a few hours of taking the first dose, the patient noticed a marked decrease in pain. After 2 days of treatment, the pain was almost completely gone, and he was able to eat and sleep normally.
**Case 3: In - vitro Research on Inflammation**
In a cell culture study, researchers used tofenamic acid to investigate its effect on the production of inflammatory cytokines in macrophages. They prepared a stock solution of tofenamic acid in DMSO and added it to the cell culture medium at different concentrations. The results showed that tofenamic acid dose - dependently inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokines, which provided valuable insights into the anti - inflammatory mechanism of tofenamic acid.
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