Cytarabine (CAS 147 - 94 - 4), also known as cytosine arabinoside, is a synthetic nucleoside antimetabolite. It has a molecular formula of C9H13N3O5 and a molecular weight of approximately 243.22 g/mol. The compound appears as a white to off - white crystalline powder and is soluble in water, slightly soluble in ethanol, and insoluble in chloroform. It has a melting point in the range of 214 - 218 °C. Cytarabine acts by interfering with the synthesis of DNA in cells, making it an important drug in the field of oncology.
Cytarabine is primarily used in the treatment of various types of cancer. It is a key component in the chemotherapy regimens for acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and some forms of non - Hodgkin lymphoma. In the treatment of AML, it helps to slow down or stop the growth of cancer cells by inhibiting DNA synthesis. In ALL, it can be used in both the induction and consolidation phases of treatment. Additionally, it can be used intrathecally (injected into the spinal canal) to prevent or treat central nervous system involvement in leukemia and lymphoma, as it can cross the blood - brain barrier to some extent.
The dosage and administration of cytarabine vary depending on the type of cancer, the patient's age, body weight, and overall health condition. For intravenous (IV) infusion, the typical dose for induction therapy in AML may range from 100 - 200 mg/m² per day, given continuously for 7 days in combination with other chemotherapy drugs. For high - dose cytarabine, doses can go up to 3 g/m² every 12 hours for a specified number of doses. When used intrathecally, the dose is usually much lower, typically 5 - 70 mg depending on the patient's age and the indication. It is crucial that cytarabine is administered under the close supervision of a medical professional in a hospital or clinical setting. Before administration, the patient's blood counts, kidney function, and liver function should be carefully monitored to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the treatment.
Case 1: A 45 - year - old male was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia. He received a standard induction chemotherapy regimen that included cytarabine at a dose of 100 mg/m² per day by continuous IV infusion for 7 days, along with daunorubicin. After the first cycle of treatment, his bone marrow showed a significant reduction in blast cells. After a total of three cycles of consolidation chemotherapy with cytarabine, he achieved complete remission. He continued to be monitored regularly, and his overall quality of life improved significantly.
Case 2: A 25 - year - old female with acute lymphoblastic leukemia had a high risk of central nervous system involvement. She received intrathecal cytarabine at a dose of 30 mg every week for 4 weeks as prophylaxis. After the treatment, a lumbar puncture showed no evidence of leukemia cells in the cerebrospinal fluid. She then continued with systemic chemotherapy and remained in remission for an extended period.
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