Lactoferrin, with CAS numbers 146897 - 68 - 9 and 112163 - 33 - 4, is an iron - binding glycoprotein that belongs to the transferrin family. It is found in many biological fluids such as milk, tears, saliva, and mucus. In milk, it is present in significant amounts, especially in colostrum, the first milk produced by mammals after giving birth.
The molecular weight of lactoferrin is approximately 80 kDa. It has a characteristic structure consisting of two globular lobes, each capable of binding one ferric ion (Fe³⁺) in association with a carbonate anion. Lactoferrin is stable over a wide range of pH values, from acidic to neutral, which allows it to maintain its biological activity in different physiological environments.
Antimicrobial Activity: Lactoferrin has broad - spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. It can bind to iron, an essential nutrient for many microorganisms, thereby limiting their growth. For example, it can inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
Immune Modulation: It plays an important role in modulating the immune system. Lactoferrin can enhance the activity of immune cells such as macrophages and neutrophils. It also regulates the production of cytokines, which are important signaling molecules in the immune response.
Anti - inflammatory Effects: By reducing the production of pro - inflammatory cytokines, lactoferrin helps to relieve inflammation. This property makes it useful in treating inflammatory diseases.
Iron Absorption: Lactoferrin can enhance iron absorption in the intestine. It binds to iron and transports it across the intestinal epithelium, which is beneficial for individuals with iron - deficiency anemia.
Dietary Supplements: Lactoferrin is commonly used as a dietary supplement. It can be taken in capsule, powder, or liquid form. The recommended dosage varies depending on the age, health condition, and purpose of use. For general immune support, adults can take 100 - 200 mg per day.
Food and Beverage Industry: It can be added to food and beverages to enhance their nutritional value and shelf - life. For example, it can be added to infant formula to mimic the composition of breast milk and improve the immune function of infants.
Pharmaceutical Applications: In the pharmaceutical field, lactoferrin can be used as an active ingredient in drugs for treating infections, inflammatory diseases, and iron - deficiency anemia.
Infant Health: A study was conducted on a group of infants who were fed with infant formula supplemented with lactoferrin. After 6 months, it was found that these infants had a lower incidence of respiratory tract infections and diarrhea compared to the control group. The lactoferrin in the formula enhanced the infants' immune system and improved their resistance to pathogens.
Iron - Deficiency Anemia: A patient with iron - deficiency anemia was prescribed lactoferrin supplements in addition to iron tablets. After 3 months of treatment, the patient's hemoglobin level increased significantly, and the symptoms of anemia such as fatigue and weakness were relieved. The lactoferrin promoted the absorption of iron in the intestine, enhancing the efficacy of iron supplementation.
Oral Health: A dental clinic used a mouthwash containing lactoferrin for patients with periodontal diseases. After 4 weeks of use, the patients showed a reduction in gingival inflammation and a decrease in the number of harmful bacteria in the oral cavity. The antimicrobial and anti - inflammatory properties of lactoferrin were effective in improving oral health.
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